How to Combat Blue Tongue with Christie Mayo, DVM and Molly Carpenter, DVM

References: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalhealth/animal-disease-information/cattle-disease-information/bluetongue-disease-info https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/np103/OrbivirusGapAnalysisWorkshopFinalFeb2014.pdf https://www.woah.org/en/disease/bluetongue/ https://www.woah.org/fileadmin/Home/fr/Health_standards/tahm/3.01.03_BLUETONGUE.pdf https://bvajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1136/inpract.30.5.242 https://www.addl.purdue.edu/newsletters/2002/spring/bluetongue.shtml https://www.dec.ny.gov/press/126187.html Alkhamis MA, Aguilar-Vega C, Fountain-Jones NM, Lin K, Perez AM, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Global emergence and evolutionary dynamics of bluetongue virus. Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 10;10(1):21677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78673-9. PMID: 33303862; PMCID: PMC7729867. Maan S, Maan NS, Ross-smith N, Batten CA, Shaw AE, Anthony SJ, Samuel AR, Darpel KE, Veronesi E, Oura CA, Singh KP, Nomikou K, Potgieter AC, Attoui H, van Rooij E, van Rijn P, De Clercq K, Vandenbussche F, Zientara S, Bréard E, Sailleau C, Beer M, Hoffman B, Mellor PS, Mertens PP. Sequence analysis of bluetongue virus serotype 8 from the Netherlands 2006 and comparison to other European strains. Virology. 2008 Aug 1;377(2):308-18. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.028. PMID: 18570969. Rojas JM, Rodríguez-Martín D, Martín V, Sevilla N. Diagnosing bluetongue virus in domestic ruminants: current perspectives. Vet Med (Auckl). 2019 Feb 14;10:17-27. doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S163804. PMID: 30859085; PMCID: PMC6385761. Wilson AJ, Mellor PS. Bluetongue in Europe: past, present and future. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2009 Sep 27;364(1530):2669-81. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0091. PMID: 19687037; PMCID: PMC2865089. Directly from USDA website: At least 26 serotypes of BTV (genus Orbivirus in the family Reoviridae) have been identified worldwide. The status of bluetongue serotypes in the United States as of 2022 follows: • Established: (Serotypes 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17) a specific serotype has been reported annually for two consecutive years in a geographic region where vector incursions due to weather events would not be expected; OR there is documented phylogenetic evidence of virus reassortment with previously established strains in domestic and wild animals. • Reported: (Serotypes 1, 2, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22, 24) a detection based on the current APHIS BTV serotype case definitions that has not been detected in the past five years; OR detection in geographic regions where vector incursions due to weather events are expected and have not been detected consecutively for two years. • Not reported: (Serotypes 4, 7, 8, 16, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26) (USDA)